Improvement in tellurians



s. Pt CAMPBELL.

TBLLURIAN.

Patented July 16, 1867.

Massey.-

we Noam; PETERS co. PHu'roALITHo., msnmowu. n. c4

@uiten tutes f@stent ffirr..`

-S. l. CAMPBELL, OF BUFFALO, NEW YORK, ASSIGN OR TO HIMSELF AND `panying drawings, in which- FRANCIS M. LOB-IN G, OF GLOUCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS. Letters Pat-ent No. 66,791, dated July 16, 1867.

IMPROVEMENT IN TELLURIANS.

TO ALL WHOM ITMAY CON CERN:

Be it known that I, S.. P. CAMPBELL, of Buffalo, in the county of Erie, and State of New York, have invented a new and improved Tellurian, an apparatus to illustrate thc movements ofthe earth; and I do hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, und exact description of the same, reference being had to 'the accom Figure 1 is a perspective view oi' my apparatus.

Figure 2 is a plan view of the dial of my instrument.

Figure 3 is a plan of one-half' of my instrument, the dial being removed, and somc'of the parts being broken away to render others visible.

' Figure 4 is a vertical longitudinal section through the linea: z of fig. 3, showing the earth and moon in position and the meridian circle in elevation. l Figure 5 is a front elevation of the horizon circle in position. 1

Figure 6 is a. vertical longitudinal section on line z z, fig. 3, showing the ecliptic plane in position.

Figure 7 exhibits details of the rm'gchanismiv by which the movements ofthe earth and moon are illustrated.

My invention is for the purpose of illustrating to the eye the real and apparent movements of the earth so that the same may be readily comprehended by the young.

That others may understand its construction I will particularly describe the same, and will afterwards point out theoperations of my device,- and designate wherein this apparatus differs from other deviceshdcsigncd for the same purpose.

My first object is to represent the constancy of the pole during the entire yearly revolution. I therefore attach the part which sustains the axis upon which the globe revolves to a constant plate which has no axial movement whil'e it revolves about the point representing the sun. This result I accomplish as Tollowst Withinthe case A', which encloses the mechanism of my apparatus, I place two cog-racks, B B, on opposite sides, and extending nearly the whole Width of the said case, (see figs. 3, 4, and 6.) Along the upper edges ofthe plates forming said racks is a. groove, C C, gs. 4 and 6, and within this groove 'are fitted, so as to slide freely from side to side, the'ends of the traveller D. This traveller is strengthened by the rib d along its under side, and the bridge Econnects the two parts of the traveller, where it is divided at the centre, to -span the rod F, which supports the centre around 'which the grand wheel G revolves. Beneath the traveller D is the shaft H, resting in the lugs I I, and having nt its ends thc pinions J J, which mesh with the cogs of the racks B B, and insure av uniform movement of the two ends of thc traveller. The two edges of the traveller are parallel, a'nd planed so us to present a dove-tail section, as seen in iig. 6, so that the plate K, which bears the globe, may be fitted thereto, and slide back and forth from end to end freely. From the centre of the plate K is erected the stud L, which carries the mechanism which operates the globe. Now, it is apparent thatfthe combined movements of the traveller D and plate K, at right angles to each other, may produce in the stud L a revolution about a point within the limits of these movements, and that said revolution may be to any degree elliptical; and that to produce a movement of the'stud L, having the character of a; revolution elliptical in a. certain desired degree, itis only necessary to provide suitable guides. v The studL has motion communicated to it by means of the grand wheel G, which is actuated -by the crank M through the train N, or by clockwork applied to the shaft n, if desired. Thewheel G revolves upon the hub O, which is a part of thc rod F. Its outer edge is cnt into cog-teeth, which mesh with the teeth of the pinion g of the train N. One of the spokes of the. grand wheel Gis provided with a slot, a, through which projects the stud Ii. This slot is not shown in position in fig. 3, as to bring it in proper position would require about one-third'ot` a revolution to'the left. The slot a is in length correspondent to the difference between the major and minor axes of the ellipse to be described by the stud L during its revolution, so that the said stud may have the required movement within the slot. As the wheel G is revolved it carries thestud L with it, and this iu turn causes the plate K to slide upon the traveller D, and this latter to move from end tol end of the racks B B.

Above the mechanism above described is the dial-plate P, which is divided into t-v'vo parts by the elliptical slot Q, through which the stud L projects, and by which the ellipticity 'of themovement of said stud is determined. Upon the' under side of the dial P, and bordering the outer edge ot' the slotQ, is the flange It, which forms the particular guide for the stud L. The inneredge of this flange is toothed, so as to form a cog-rack for the purpose of giving motion to the pinion which causes the vglobe to revolve. This rack conforms tothe ellipticity of the slot Q, so that the pinion which meshes with thc cogs of is never out of geur. g

4 Iwill new describe the particular devices by which the above-.described movements are communicated to the globe, and othermovements thereof illustrated. i v Resting-upon the upper side of that spoke or arm o'f the grand wheel G, through which is the siot a, is` the plate S, (see iig. 7.) Projecting downward 'from its under side is a short stud or 'hub which ts within the slot a; and through the centre oi' said stud is a hole of proper size to admit the shaft of the stud L, as seen in fig. v4f. This stud, within the slot a, prevents any lateral movement of the plate S, while the lengthof the slot permits the required longitudinal movement of 'the said plate. The arm t extends along the surface of the spoke of the wheel G, and a screw or pin through the small slot therein forms a guide for the longitudinal move ments mentioned. From the upper surface ofv S are erected the two studs or posts T T, the tops of which, when the plate S is in position, extend n little distance above the level of theupper surface ot' the dial P. The plate U rests upo'n the tops of the posts T T, and is secured there by screws. At the point b is secured the pivot. of a small friction guide-wheel, c, which runs upon the outer edge of the ange It; and at the poiht d, hg. 7, is4 the pivot hole of the pinion which gives motion to the train illustrating the motions of the moon. 'i

Over the stud L is slipped the barrel V, having at its lower end a pinion which meshes with the rack on .the inner edge of R, and at its upper end the large wheel W. The wheel X is also centred upon it, and rests upon' the collar e. And to the top of the studlL is ii'rmlyand rigidly secured the inverted cup Y, to the upper surface of which is secured a proper bearing',f, foi-.the axis of the globe. The cup-Y serves also to cover and protect the wheels W and X, and the trainwhich moves the latter. At the lower end of the axis, upon which the globe revolves, is the pinion h, which meshes with the wheel W,and receives the motion from it which causes the globe to revolve. The wheel X is revolved by the train z', the lower pinion of which meshes with thelower pinion on the barrel V, andthe upper pi-nionwith the internal gear of 'the wheel X. By this combination the moon m receives motion. `The axis of the globe is set upon the cup Y at' the proper. inclination to the ecliptic and in the proper polar plane, positions which remain unchanged by the revolution around the lcentral point whichre'presents the sun. The outer end of the plate U is turned upward so as to form' an car I to which is secured the standard lc, to which the horizon circlesp are attached by the curved arms q.

It will be perceivedfrom the above description that while the index y ofthe plate U always points toward g the centre of revolution, because it is fixed upon the arm of the wheel G to which the plate S is attached, the plate K always preserves its parallelism with the polar plane, and the cup Y, which is rigidly secured to said plate by means of its attachment:- to the stud L, participates in that constant position, and consequently ,the axis ofthe globe, which bears a fixed relation to this cup, will always preserve its polarity.

To the lower edge of the wheel X is secured a short arm, l, which projects beneath and slightly'beyond ythe edge of the cup Y. To this arm is jointed a. second arm, t', to the outer end of which is-attachcd a wire which bears; at its other end the small globe m, which represents the moon. The inner cndof the short arm 't' rests against the under side of a ledgeor inwardly projecting iiange, w, which is secured to the inner side of vthe vertical portion of the cup Y. .The iange w is-not horizontal throughout its whole extent, but is set oblique to the axis ofthe stud L; and as the inner end-of t is' always kept in contact with said ilange by reason of the preponderating weight of the outer end, it follows that said outer end.is caused to rise andffall as the inner end traverses the oblique plane w. The moon m participates in these motions, and we have therefore, .in additionto a motion of revolution around the earth, an alternate rising and falling in relation 'to the plane of the ecliptic-exhibiting the moons hodes, and a slight elongation vof the path of revolution exhibiting the ell'ipticity of the moons orbit. r r are posts erected upon the upper surface of tho dial P-for the purpose of `supporting .another dial u of the same configuration, and elevated above Pjust far enough to vrepresent the planeof the ecliptic when a sm'all globe QD is in place, as shown in iig. 6. Around the outer edge of the upper dialu is a vertical rim v projecting equally above and below the dial u. This rim is composed of som'e transparent or semi-transparent substance, such as glass, mica, lite., and upon its surface are indicated the constellations of the zodiac. The horizon circlepis made `in two parts, as shown in fig. 5. The outer. part is fixed, to the arms g, and always preserves its position in respect -t-o the plane of the ecliptic. Upon its face are graduations-representing celestial latitude. The inner part has a motion in their common plane -amounting to about forty-seven degrees, ,the amount of the extreme movement of the earths axis. The amount of this Obliquity at any day of theyear may be ascertained by noting the dlere'nce between the zero points of the two circles- I have now described thc constructionv and mechanical operation of my mechanism. By it may be demonstratcd ocularly all.. of the'phenomena. attending and consequent upon themovements of the earth in revolving around the'sun', including the ellipticity of the earths orbit; the position of the sun in one of the foci of that ellipse; the constant direction of the pole; the inclination of 4the pole to the pl-ane of the ecliptic; the apparent movement'througli the constellations` of vthe zodiac, the phenomena of day and night, sunrise and sunset; the varying declination of the sun; the equation of time; changes of theA Seasons; motions of the moon, &c.,'&c.

In operating my instrument for purposes of illustrations it is not possible to use all of the parts herein described at one and the same time; as, for instance, when demonstrating those phenomena which require vthe use of the horizon and meridian circles, .the elevated ecliptieal plane u, and the zodiacal ring v, together with the moon mare removed. Whenrphenomena connected with the changes of the seasons are to be explained, the post k, with the horizon and meridian rings, are removed, and the Ygiobe substituted, and the dial u is put in place. To illustrate the motions of the moon the globe @y and the moon m 'are required without the' dial il. A small lamp is used to represent the sun. Upon the dials P and u (which are duplicates of each other) are represented the line oi' apsides; the equinoctiel and solstitiul lines; the months divided into days tables of the equation of time; the position of the signs and constellations of vthe' zodiac, and the eil'cct of the procession oi' the equinoxes.

I am aware that many of the phenomena alluded to above have been illustrated by machinery constructed for the purpose; but I-am not aware that any machine has ever been constructed which could exhibit vmany of the real movements'and phenomena illustrated by the mechanism herein shown and described, as', for instance, I am not aware that any tellurian has ever shown the earth moving in an eliiptical orbit, nor with the' sun stationed in one ofthe foci of that ellipse. I am not awalre of tho use ofthe horizon circle, herein described, in any other apparatus of this description. I am not aware that any machine has hitherto been constructed in which the constancy of the pole is secured by the use of cog-work. I am not aware that any tellurian hns hitherto been constructed with a. visibleecliptic plane like the dial u, I am not aware that auyvtellurian has been constructed hitherto with a transparent zodiacal ring like v. I am not aware that any tellurian has been hitherto constructed with a dial, bearing the marks and designations shown and described, `as the dial E or u. I am not aware that a tellurian has ever been constructed in which the orbital movement has been produced 'by a. combination of movements at right angles to each other, as herein described; and I am not aware that a t-ellurian has ever been constructed hitherto n which the rotary movements of the globe, or the. globe andsatellite, were produced by the operation of a train of 'gearing receiving motion,"being passed along, and in mesh with a. stationary elliptical rack like R. I therefore claim as my invention, and desire to secure by Letters Patent- 1. The elliptical guide-way Q, in combination with the stud L and operative mechanism of the instrumen-t, for the purpose ,Y llustrating the ellipticity of the earths orbit.

2. The' horizon circle p,'constructed in two parts, and graduated as described, in combination with the `globe QB of a. tellurian.

' 3; The', traveller D and plate n, navmg the bonnection and movements described, in combination with the stud L, gra-nd wheel G, guide-'way Q, and cup Y, or its equivalent, for the purpose of giving an orbital movement to the globe without changing the direction of its pole.

4. In combination with the globe of a tellurian the ecliptic plane or dial u u constructed with an elliptical channel, as shown and described..

5. The transparent zodiacal ring v, as set forth and described.

6. The dial 'P of a tellurian marked with the line of apsides, the equinoctal and solstitiarl lines, the

' months,-the table of the equation of time, the signs and constellationsof the zodiac, and the eect of the procession of the equinoxes, as set forth and described. i

7. The travellerD, provided with the shaft H, pinions J J', and racks B B, or their equivalents, in combination with-the plate K, stud Il, and guide-way, the wholeoperating asset forth to produce nn illustration of the orbital movement of the earth. u l 8. The grandwheel G and ellipticali rack R, in combination with the barrel Y, with its low-er pinion and the wheel W at its upper end, 'for the pd'rpose set forth. i

9. The grandwheel G, elliptical rack R, in combination with the barrel Vl'with its lower pinion and the wheel W secured at its upper end, the train z', and moon wheel X, for the purpose set forth.

10. The wheel X with the arm l, in combination with the arm t and inclined flange w. i 11. The plate U, provided with the index y, incombination with the plate S and vgrand wheel G, as set forth and described.

S. P; CAMPBELL.

Witnesses:

JNo. H. WHITELEY, R. D. O. SMITH. 

